12 "If someone hits another and death results, the penalty is death. 13 But if there was no intent to kill - if it was an accident, an 'act of God' - I'll set aside a place to which the killer can flee for refuge. 14 But if the murder was premeditated, cunningly plotted, then drag the killer away, even if it's from my Altar, to be put to death. 15 "If someone hits father or mother, the penalty is death. 16 "If someone kidnaps a person, the penalty is death, regardless of whether the person has been sold or is still held in possession. 17 "If someone curses father or mother, the penalty is death. 18 "If a quarrel breaks out and one hits the other with a rock or a fist and the injured one doesn't die but is confined to bed 19 and then later gets better and can get about on a crutch, the one who hit him is in the clear, except to pay for the loss of time and make sure of complete recovery. 20 "If a slave owner hits a slave, male or female, with a stick and the slave dies on the spot, the slave must be avenged. 21 But if the slave survives a day or two, he's not to be avenged - the slave is the owner's property.
Matthew Henry's Commentary on Exodus 21:12-21
Commentary on Exodus 21:12-21
(Read Exodus 21:12-21)
God, who by his providence gives and maintains life, by his law protects it. A wilful murderer shall be taken even from God's altar. But God provided cities of refuge to protect those whose unhappiness it was, and not their fault, to cause the death of another; for such as by accident, when a man is doing a lawful act, without intent of hurt, happens to kill another. Let children hear the sentence of God's word upon the ungrateful and disobedient; and remember that God will certainly requite it, if they have ever cursed their parents, even in their hearts, or have lifted up their hands against them, except they repent, and flee for refuge to the Saviour. And let parents hence learn to be very careful in training up their children, setting them a good example, especially in the government of their passions, and in praying for them; taking heed not to provoke them to wrath. Through poverty the Israelites sometimes sold themselves or their children; magistrates sold some persons for their crimes, and creditors were in some cases allowed to sell their debtors who could not pay. But "man-stealing," the object of which is to force another into slavery, is ranked in the New Testament with the greatest crimes. Care is here taken, that satisfaction be made for hurt done to a person, though death do not follow. The gospel teaches masters to forbear, and to moderate threatenings, Job 31:13,14.