Moses, in this chapter, proceeds in the rehearsal of God's
providences concerning Israel in their way to Canaan, yet preserves not the
record of any thing that happened during their tedious march back to the Red
Sea, in which they wore out almost thirty-eight years, but passes that over in
silence as a dark time, and makes his narrative to begin again when they faced
about towards Canaan (v. 1-3), and drew towards the countries that were
inhabited, concerning which God here gives them direction, I. What nations they
must not give any disturbance to. 1. Not to the Edomites (v. 4-8). 2. Not to the
Moabites (v. 9), of the antiquities of whose country, with that of the Edomites,
he gives some account (v. 10-12). And here comes in an account of their
passing the river Zered (v. 13-16). 3. Not to the Ammonites, of whose country
here is some account given (v. 17-23). II. What nations they should attack and
conquer. They must begin with Sihon, king of the Amorites (v. 24, 25). And
accordingly, 1. They had a fair occasion of quarrelling with him (v. 26-32).
2. God gave them a complete victory over him (v. 33, etc.).
Here is, I. A short account of the long stay of Israel in the
wilderness: We compassed Mount Seir many days, v. 1. Nearly thirty-eight
years they wandered in the deserts of Seir; probably in some of their rests they
staid several years, and never stirred; God by this not only chastised them for
their murmuring and unbelief, but, 1. Prepared them for Canaan, by humbling them
for sin, teaching them to mortify their lusts, to follow God, and to comfort
themselves in him. It is a work of time to make souls meet for heaven, and it
must be done by a long train of exercises. 2. He prepared the Canaanites for
destruction. All this time the measure of their iniquity was filling up; and,
though it might have been improved by them as a space to repent in, it was
abused by them to the hardening of their hearts. Now that the host of Israel was
once repulsed, and after that was so long entangled and seemingly lost in the
wilderness, they were secure, and thought the danger was over from that quarter,
which would make the next attempt of Israel upon them the more dreadful.
II. Orders given them to turn towards Canaan. Though God contend
long, he will not contend for ever. Though Israel may be long kept waiting for
deliverance or enlargement, it will come at last: The vision is for an
appointed time, and at the end it shall speak, and not lie.
III. A charge given them not to annoy the Edomites.
1. They must not offer any hostility to them as enemies: Meddle
not with them, v. 4, 5. (1.) They must not improve the advantage they had
against them, by the fright they would be put into upon Israel's approach: "They
shall be afraid of you, knowing your strength and numbers, and the power of
God engaged for you; but think not that, because their fears make them an easy
prey, you may therefore prey upon them; no, take heed to yourselves."
There is need of great caution and a strict government of our own spirits, to
keep ourselves from injuring those against whom we have an advantage. Or this
caution is given to the princes; they must not only not meddle with the Edomites
themselves, but not permit any of the soldiers to meddle with them. (2.) They
must not avenge upon the Edomites the affront they gave them in refusing them
passage through their country, Num. 20:21. Thus, before God brought Israel to
destroy their enemies in Canaan, he taught them to forgive their enemies in
Edom. (3.) They must not expect to have any part of their land given them for a
possession: Mount Seir was already settled upon the Edomites, and they must not,
under pretence of God's covenant and conduct, think to seize for themselves
all they could lay hands on. Dominion is not founded in grace. God's Israel
shall be well placed, but must not expect to be placed alone in the midst of
the earth, Isa. 5:8.
2. They must trade with them as neighbours, buy meat and water
of them, and pay for what they bought, v. 6. Religion must never be made a cloak
for injustice. The reason given (v. 7), is, "God hath blessed thee, and
hitherto thou hast lacked nothing; and therefore," (1.) "Thou needest
not beg; scorn to be beholden to Edomites, when thou hast a God all-sufficient
to depend upon. Thou hast wherewithal to pay for what thou callest for (thanks
to the divine blessing!); use therefore what thou hast, use it cheerfully, and
do not sponge upon the Edomites." (2.) "Therefore thou must not steal.
Thou hast experienced the care of the divine providence concerning thee, in
confidence of which for the future, and in a firm belief of its sufficiency,
never use any indirect methods for thy supply. Live by the faith and not by thy
sword."
It is observable here that Moses, speaking of the Edomites (v.
8), calls them, "our brethren, the children of Esau." Though
they had been unkind to Israel, in refusing them a peaceable passage through
their country, yet he calls them brethren. For, though our relations fail in
their duty to us, we must retain a sense of the relation, and not be wanting in
our duty to them, as there is occasion. Now in these verses we have,
I. The account which Moses gives of the origin of the nations of
which he had here occasion to speak, the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. We
know very well, from other parts of his history, whose posterity they were; but
here he tells us how they came to those countries in which Israel found them;
they were not the aborigines, or first planters. But, 1. The Moabites
dwelt in a country which had belonged to a numerous race of giants, called Emim
(that is, terrible ones), as tall as the Anakim, and perhaps more fierce,
v. 10, 11. 2. The Edomites in like manner dispossessed the Horim from Mount Seir,
and took their country (v. 12. and again v. 22), of which we read, Gen. 36:20.
3. The Ammonites likewise got possession of a country that had formerly been
inhabited by giants, called Zamzummim, crafty men, or wicked men
(v. 20, 21), probably the same that are called Zuzim, Gen. 14:5. He
illustrates these remarks by an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorim
(who were akin to the Philistines, Gen. 10:14) drove the Avim out of their
country, and took possession of it, v. 23. The learned bishop Patrick supposes
these Avites, being expelled hence, to have settled in Assyria, and to be the
same people we read of under that name, 2 Ki. 17:31. Now these revolutions are
recorded, (1.) To show how soon the world was peopled after the flood, so well
peopled that, when a family grew numerous, they could not find a place to settle
in, at least in that part of the world, but they must drive out those that were
already settled. (2.) To show that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle
to the strong. Giants were expelled by those of ordinary stature; for probably
these giants, like those before the flood (Gen. 6:4), were notorious for impiety
and oppression, which brought the judgments of God upon them, against which
their great strength would be on defence. (3.) To show what uncertain things
worldly possessions are, and how often they change their owners; it was so of
old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are
transferred to families that increase; so little constancy or continuance is
there in these things. (4.) To encourage the children of Israel, who were now
going to take possession of Canaan, against the difficulties they would meet
with, and to show the unbelief of those that were afraid of the sons of Anak, to
whom the giants, here said to be conquered, are compared, v. 11, 21. If the
providence of God had done this for the Moabites and Ammonites, much more would
his promise do it for Israel his peculiar people.
II. The advances which Israel made towards Canaan. They passed
by the way of the wilderness of Moab (v. 8), and then went over the brook or
vale of Zered (v. 13), and there Moses takes notice of the fulfilling of the
word which God had spoken concerning them, that none of those that were numbered
at Mount Sinai should see the land that God had promised, Num. 14:23. According
to that sentence, now that they began to set their faces towards Canaan, and to
have it in their eye, notice is taken of their being all destroyed and consumed,
and not a man of them left, v. 14. Common providence, we may observe, in about
thirty-eight years, ordinarily raises a new generation, so that in that time few
remain of the old one; but here it was entirely new, and none at all remained
but Caleb and Joshua: for indeed the hand of the Lord was against them,
v. 15. Those cannot but waste, until they were consumed, who have the hand of
God against them. Observe, Israel is not called to engage with the Canaanites
till all the men of war, the veteran regiments, that had been used to hardship,
and had learned the art of war from the Egyptians, were consumed and dead
from among the people (v. 16), that the conquest of Canaan, being effected
by a host of new-raised men, trained up in a wilderness, the excellency of the
power might the more plainly appear to be of God and not of men.
III. The caution given them not to meddle with the Moabites or
Ammonites, whom they must not disseize, nor so much as disturb in their
possessions: Distress them not, nor contend with them, v. 9. Though the
Moabites aimed to ruin Israel (Num. 22:6), yet Israel must not aim to ruin them.
If others design us a mischief, this will not justify us in designing them a
mischief. But why must not the Moabites and Ammonites be meddled with? 1.
Because they were the children of Lot (v. 9, 19), righteous Lot, who kept
his integrity in Sodom. Note, Children often fare the better in this world for
the piety of their ancestors: the seed of the upright, though they degenerate,
yet are blessed with temporal good things. 2. Because the land they were
possessed of was what God had given them, and he did not design it for Israel.
Even wicked men have a right to their worldly possessions, and must not be
wronged. The tares are allowed their place in the field, and must not be rooted
out until the harvest. God gives and preserves outward blessings to wicked men,
to show that these are not the best things, but he has better in store for his
own children.
God having tried the self-denial of his people in forbidding
them to meddle with the Moabites and Ammonites, and they having quietly passed
by those rich countries, and, though superior in number, not made any attack
upon them, here he recompenses them for their obedience by giving them
possession of the country of Sihon king of the Amorites. If we forbear what God
forbids, we shall receive what he promises, and shall be no losers at last by
our obedience, though it may seem for the present to be to our loss. Wrong not
others, and God shall right thee.
I. God gives them commission to seize upon the country of Sihon
king of Heshbon, v. 24, 25. This was then God's way of disposing of kingdoms,
but such particular grants are not now either to be expected or pretended. In
this commission observe, 1. Though God assured them that the land should be
their own, yet they must bestir themselves, and contend in battle with the
enemy. What God gives we must endeavour to get. 2. God promises that when they
fight he will fight for them. Do you begin to possess it, and I will begin to
put the dread of you upon them. God would dispirit the enemy and so destroy
them, would magnify Israel and so terrify all those against whom they were
commissioned. See Ex. 15:14.
II. Moses sends to Sihon a message of peace, and only begs a
passage through his land, with a promise to give his country no disturbance, but
the advantage of trading for ready money with so great a body, v. 26-29. Moses
herein did neither disobey God, who bade him contend with Sihon, nor dissemble
with Sihon; but doubtless it was by divine direction that he did it, that Sihon
might be left inexcusable, though God hardened his heart. This may illustrate
the method of God's dealing with those to whom he gives his gospel, but does
not give grace to believe it.
III. Sihon began the war (v. 32), God having made his heart
obstinate, and hidden from his eyes the thing that belonged to his peace (v.
30), that he might deliver him into the hand of Israel. Those that meddle with
the people of God meddle to their own hurt; and God sometimes ruins his enemies
by their own resolves. See Mic. 4:11-13; Rev. 16:14.
IV. Israel was victorious. 1. They put all the Amorites to the
sword, men, women, and children (v. 33, 34); this they did as the executioners
of God's wrath; now the measure of the Amorites' iniquity was full (Gen.
15:16), and the longer it was in the filling the sorer was the reckoning at
last. This was one of the devoted nations. They died, not as Israel's enemies,
but as sacrifices to divine justice, in the offering of which sacrifices Israel
was employed, as a kingdom of priests. The case being therefore extraordinary,
it ought not to be drawn into a precedent for military executions, which make no
distinction and give no quarter: those will have judgment without mercy that
show no mercy. 2. They took possession of all they had; their cities (v.
34), their goods (v. 35), and their land, v. 36. The wealth of the sinner is
laid up for the just. What a new world did Israel now come into! Most of them
were born, and had lived all their days, in a vast howling wilderness, where
they knew not what either fields or cities were, had no houses to dwell in, and
neither sowed nor reaped; and now of a sudden to become masters of a country so
well built, so well husbanded, this made them amends for their long waiting, and
yet it was but the earnest of a great deal more. Much more joyful will the
change be which holy souls will experience when they remove out of the
wilderness of this world to the better country, that is, the heavenly, to the
city that has foundations.
Deuteronomy 2 Bible Commentary
Matthew Henry Bible Commentary (complete)
Moses, in this chapter, proceeds in the rehearsal of God's providences concerning Israel in their way to Canaan, yet preserves not the record of any thing that happened during their tedious march back to the Red Sea, in which they wore out almost thirty-eight years, but passes that over in silence as a dark time, and makes his narrative to begin again when they faced about towards Canaan (v. 1-3), and drew towards the countries that were inhabited, concerning which God here gives them direction, I. What nations they must not give any disturbance to. 1. Not to the Edomites (v. 4-8). 2. Not to the Moabites (v. 9), of the antiquities of whose country, with that of the Edomites, he gives some account (v. 10-12). And here comes in an account of their passing the river Zered (v. 13-16). 3. Not to the Ammonites, of whose country here is some account given (v. 17-23). II. What nations they should attack and conquer. They must begin with Sihon, king of the Amorites (v. 24, 25). And accordingly, 1. They had a fair occasion of quarrelling with him (v. 26-32). 2. God gave them a complete victory over him (v. 33, etc.).
Verses 1-7
Here is, I. A short account of the long stay of Israel in the wilderness: We compassed Mount Seir many days, v. 1. Nearly thirty-eight years they wandered in the deserts of Seir; probably in some of their rests they staid several years, and never stirred; God by this not only chastised them for their murmuring and unbelief, but, 1. Prepared them for Canaan, by humbling them for sin, teaching them to mortify their lusts, to follow God, and to comfort themselves in him. It is a work of time to make souls meet for heaven, and it must be done by a long train of exercises. 2. He prepared the Canaanites for destruction. All this time the measure of their iniquity was filling up; and, though it might have been improved by them as a space to repent in, it was abused by them to the hardening of their hearts. Now that the host of Israel was once repulsed, and after that was so long entangled and seemingly lost in the wilderness, they were secure, and thought the danger was over from that quarter, which would make the next attempt of Israel upon them the more dreadful.
II. Orders given them to turn towards Canaan. Though God contend long, he will not contend for ever. Though Israel may be long kept waiting for deliverance or enlargement, it will come at last: The vision is for an appointed time, and at the end it shall speak, and not lie.
III. A charge given them not to annoy the Edomites.
1. They must not offer any hostility to them as enemies: Meddle not with them, v. 4, 5. (1.) They must not improve the advantage they had against them, by the fright they would be put into upon Israel's approach: "They shall be afraid of you, knowing your strength and numbers, and the power of God engaged for you; but think not that, because their fears make them an easy prey, you may therefore prey upon them; no, take heed to yourselves." There is need of great caution and a strict government of our own spirits, to keep ourselves from injuring those against whom we have an advantage. Or this caution is given to the princes; they must not only not meddle with the Edomites themselves, but not permit any of the soldiers to meddle with them. (2.) They must not avenge upon the Edomites the affront they gave them in refusing them passage through their country, Num. 20:21. Thus, before God brought Israel to destroy their enemies in Canaan, he taught them to forgive their enemies in Edom. (3.) They must not expect to have any part of their land given them for a possession: Mount Seir was already settled upon the Edomites, and they must not, under pretence of God's covenant and conduct, think to seize for themselves all they could lay hands on. Dominion is not founded in grace. God's Israel shall be well placed, but must not expect to be placed alone in the midst of the earth, Isa. 5:8.
2. They must trade with them as neighbours, buy meat and water of them, and pay for what they bought, v. 6. Religion must never be made a cloak for injustice. The reason given (v. 7), is, "God hath blessed thee, and hitherto thou hast lacked nothing; and therefore," (1.) "Thou needest not beg; scorn to be beholden to Edomites, when thou hast a God all-sufficient to depend upon. Thou hast wherewithal to pay for what thou callest for (thanks to the divine blessing!); use therefore what thou hast, use it cheerfully, and do not sponge upon the Edomites." (2.) "Therefore thou must not steal. Thou hast experienced the care of the divine providence concerning thee, in confidence of which for the future, and in a firm belief of its sufficiency, never use any indirect methods for thy supply. Live by the faith and not by thy sword."
Verses 8-23
It is observable here that Moses, speaking of the Edomites (v. 8), calls them, "our brethren, the children of Esau." Though they had been unkind to Israel, in refusing them a peaceable passage through their country, yet he calls them brethren. For, though our relations fail in their duty to us, we must retain a sense of the relation, and not be wanting in our duty to them, as there is occasion. Now in these verses we have,
I. The account which Moses gives of the origin of the nations of which he had here occasion to speak, the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. We know very well, from other parts of his history, whose posterity they were; but here he tells us how they came to those countries in which Israel found them; they were not the aborigines, or first planters. But, 1. The Moabites dwelt in a country which had belonged to a numerous race of giants, called Emim (that is, terrible ones), as tall as the Anakim, and perhaps more fierce, v. 10, 11. 2. The Edomites in like manner dispossessed the Horim from Mount Seir, and took their country (v. 12. and again v. 22), of which we read, Gen. 36:20. 3. The Ammonites likewise got possession of a country that had formerly been inhabited by giants, called Zamzummim, crafty men, or wicked men (v. 20, 21), probably the same that are called Zuzim, Gen. 14:5. He illustrates these remarks by an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorim (who were akin to the Philistines, Gen. 10:14) drove the Avim out of their country, and took possession of it, v. 23. The learned bishop Patrick supposes these Avites, being expelled hence, to have settled in Assyria, and to be the same people we read of under that name, 2 Ki. 17:31. Now these revolutions are recorded, (1.) To show how soon the world was peopled after the flood, so well peopled that, when a family grew numerous, they could not find a place to settle in, at least in that part of the world, but they must drive out those that were already settled. (2.) To show that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong. Giants were expelled by those of ordinary stature; for probably these giants, like those before the flood (Gen. 6:4), were notorious for impiety and oppression, which brought the judgments of God upon them, against which their great strength would be on defence. (3.) To show what uncertain things worldly possessions are, and how often they change their owners; it was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little constancy or continuance is there in these things. (4.) To encourage the children of Israel, who were now going to take possession of Canaan, against the difficulties they would meet with, and to show the unbelief of those that were afraid of the sons of Anak, to whom the giants, here said to be conquered, are compared, v. 11, 21. If the providence of God had done this for the Moabites and Ammonites, much more would his promise do it for Israel his peculiar people.
II. The advances which Israel made towards Canaan. They passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab (v. 8), and then went over the brook or vale of Zered (v. 13), and there Moses takes notice of the fulfilling of the word which God had spoken concerning them, that none of those that were numbered at Mount Sinai should see the land that God had promised, Num. 14:23. According to that sentence, now that they began to set their faces towards Canaan, and to have it in their eye, notice is taken of their being all destroyed and consumed, and not a man of them left, v. 14. Common providence, we may observe, in about thirty-eight years, ordinarily raises a new generation, so that in that time few remain of the old one; but here it was entirely new, and none at all remained but Caleb and Joshua: for indeed the hand of the Lord was against them, v. 15. Those cannot but waste, until they were consumed, who have the hand of God against them. Observe, Israel is not called to engage with the Canaanites till all the men of war, the veteran regiments, that had been used to hardship, and had learned the art of war from the Egyptians, were consumed and dead from among the people (v. 16), that the conquest of Canaan, being effected by a host of new-raised men, trained up in a wilderness, the excellency of the power might the more plainly appear to be of God and not of men.
III. The caution given them not to meddle with the Moabites or Ammonites, whom they must not disseize, nor so much as disturb in their possessions: Distress them not, nor contend with them, v. 9. Though the Moabites aimed to ruin Israel (Num. 22:6), yet Israel must not aim to ruin them. If others design us a mischief, this will not justify us in designing them a mischief. But why must not the Moabites and Ammonites be meddled with? 1. Because they were the children of Lot (v. 9, 19), righteous Lot, who kept his integrity in Sodom. Note, Children often fare the better in this world for the piety of their ancestors: the seed of the upright, though they degenerate, yet are blessed with temporal good things. 2. Because the land they were possessed of was what God had given them, and he did not design it for Israel. Even wicked men have a right to their worldly possessions, and must not be wronged. The tares are allowed their place in the field, and must not be rooted out until the harvest. God gives and preserves outward blessings to wicked men, to show that these are not the best things, but he has better in store for his own children.
Verses 24-37
God having tried the self-denial of his people in forbidding them to meddle with the Moabites and Ammonites, and they having quietly passed by those rich countries, and, though superior in number, not made any attack upon them, here he recompenses them for their obedience by giving them possession of the country of Sihon king of the Amorites. If we forbear what God forbids, we shall receive what he promises, and shall be no losers at last by our obedience, though it may seem for the present to be to our loss. Wrong not others, and God shall right thee.
I. God gives them commission to seize upon the country of Sihon king of Heshbon, v. 24, 25. This was then God's way of disposing of kingdoms, but such particular grants are not now either to be expected or pretended. In this commission observe, 1. Though God assured them that the land should be their own, yet they must bestir themselves, and contend in battle with the enemy. What God gives we must endeavour to get. 2. God promises that when they fight he will fight for them. Do you begin to possess it, and I will begin to put the dread of you upon them. God would dispirit the enemy and so destroy them, would magnify Israel and so terrify all those against whom they were commissioned. See Ex. 15:14.
II. Moses sends to Sihon a message of peace, and only begs a passage through his land, with a promise to give his country no disturbance, but the advantage of trading for ready money with so great a body, v. 26-29. Moses herein did neither disobey God, who bade him contend with Sihon, nor dissemble with Sihon; but doubtless it was by divine direction that he did it, that Sihon might be left inexcusable, though God hardened his heart. This may illustrate the method of God's dealing with those to whom he gives his gospel, but does not give grace to believe it.
III. Sihon began the war (v. 32), God having made his heart obstinate, and hidden from his eyes the thing that belonged to his peace (v. 30), that he might deliver him into the hand of Israel. Those that meddle with the people of God meddle to their own hurt; and God sometimes ruins his enemies by their own resolves. See Mic. 4:11-13; Rev. 16:14.
IV. Israel was victorious. 1. They put all the Amorites to the sword, men, women, and children (v. 33, 34); this they did as the executioners of God's wrath; now the measure of the Amorites' iniquity was full (Gen. 15:16), and the longer it was in the filling the sorer was the reckoning at last. This was one of the devoted nations. They died, not as Israel's enemies, but as sacrifices to divine justice, in the offering of which sacrifices Israel was employed, as a kingdom of priests. The case being therefore extraordinary, it ought not to be drawn into a precedent for military executions, which make no distinction and give no quarter: those will have judgment without mercy that show no mercy. 2. They took possession of all they had; their cities (v. 34), their goods (v. 35), and their land, v. 36. The wealth of the sinner is laid up for the just. What a new world did Israel now come into! Most of them were born, and had lived all their days, in a vast howling wilderness, where they knew not what either fields or cities were, had no houses to dwell in, and neither sowed nor reaped; and now of a sudden to become masters of a country so well built, so well husbanded, this made them amends for their long waiting, and yet it was but the earnest of a great deal more. Much more joyful will the change be which holy souls will experience when they remove out of the wilderness of this world to the better country, that is, the heavenly, to the city that has foundations.