1. Nebuchadnezzar . . . came . . . against Jerusalem--Incensed by the
revolt of Zedekiah, the Assyrian despot determined to put an end to the
perfidious and inconstant monarchy of Judea. This chapter narrates his
third and last invasion, which he conducted in person at the head of an
immense army, levied out of all the tributary nations under his sway.
Having overrun the northern parts of the country and taken almost all
the fenced cities
(Jer 34:7),
he marched direct to Jerusalem to invest it. The date of the beginning
as well as the end of the siege is here carefully marked (compare
Eze 24:1;
Jer 39:1; 52:4-6);
from which it appears, that, with a brief interruption caused by
Nebuchadnezzar's marching to oppose the Egyptians who were coming to
its relief but who retreated without fighting, the siege lasted a year
and a half. So long a resistance was owing, not to the superior skill
and valor of the Jewish soldiers, but to the strength of the city
fortifications, on which the king too confidently relied (compare
Jer 21:1-14; 37:1-38:28).
pitched against it, and . . . built forts--rather, perhaps, drew
lines of circumvallation, with a ditch to prevent any going out of the
city. On this rampart were erected his military engines for throwing
missiles into the city.
3. on the ninth day of the fourth month the famine prevailed--In
consequence of the close and protracted blockade, the inhabitants were
reduced to dreadful extremities; and under the maddening influence of
hunger, the most inhuman atrocities were perpetrated
(La 2:20, 22; 4:9, 10;
Eze 5:10).
This was a fulfilment of the prophetic denunciations threatened on the
apostasy of the chosen people
(Le 26:29;
De 28:53-57;
Jer 15:2; 27:13;
Eze 4:16).
4. the city was broken up--that is, a breach was effected, as we
are elsewhere informed, in a part of the wall belonging to the lower
city
(2Ch 32:5; 33:14).
the men of war fled by night by the way of the gate between two walls,
which is by the king's garden--The king's garden was
(Ne 3:15)
at the pool of Siloam, that is, at the mouth of the Tyropæon. A
trace of the outermost of these walls appears to be still extant in the
rude pathway which crosses the mouth of the Tyropæon, on a mound
hard by the old mulberry tree, which marks the traditional spot of
Isaiah's martyrdom [ROBINSON]. It is probable
that the besiegers had overlooked this pass.
the king went . . . toward the plain--that is, the Ghor, or valley
of Jordan, estimated at five hours' distance from Jerusalem. The plain
near Jericho is about eleven or twelve miles broad.
6, 7. they took the king, and brought him . . . to
Riblah--Nebuchadnezzar, having gone from the siege to oppose the
auxiliary forces of Pharaoh-hophra, left his generals to carry on the
blockade, he himself not returning to the scene of action, but taking
up his station at Riblah in the land of Hamath
(2Ki 23:33).
they gave judgment upon him--They, that is, the council
(Jer 39:3, 13;
Da 6:7, 8, 12),
regarding him as a seditious and rebellious vassal, condemned him for
violating his oath and neglecting the announcement of the divine will
as made known to him by Jeremiah (compare
Jer 32:5; 34:2; 38:17).
His sons and the nobles who had joined in his flight were slain before
his eyes
(Jer 39:6; 52:10).
In conformity with Eastern ideas, which consider a blind man incapable
of ruling, his eyes were put out, and being put in chains, he was
carried to perpetual imprisonment in Babylon
(Jer 52:11),
which, though he came to it, as Ezekiel had foretold, he did not see
(Jer 32:5;
Eze 12:13; 17:16).
8-18. on the seventh day of the month . . . came
Nebuzar-adan--(compare
Jer 52:12).
In attempting to reconcile these two passages, it must be supposed
either that, though he had set out on the seventh, he did not arrive in
Jerusalem till the tenth, or that he did not put his orders in
execution till that day. His office as captain of the guard
(Ge 37:36; 39:1)
called him to execute the awards of justice on criminals; and hence,
although not engaged in the siege of Jerusalem
(Jer 39:13),
Nebuzar-adan was despatched to rase the city, to plunder the temple, to
lay both in ruins, demolish the fortifications, and transport the
inhabitants to Babylon. The most eminent of these were taken to the
king at Riblah
(2Ki 25:27)
and executed, as instigators and abettors of the rebellion, or
otherwise obnoxious to the Assyrian government. In their number were
Seraiah, the high priest, grandfather of Ezra
(Ezr 7:1),
his sagan or deputy, a priest of the second order
(Jer 21:2; 29:25, 29; 37:3).
18. the three keepers of the door--not mere porters, but officers
of high trust among the Levites
(2Ki 22:4;
1Ch 9:26).
19. five men of them that were in the king's presence--that is, who
belonged to the royal retinue. It is probable that there were five at
first, and that other two were found afterwards
(Jer 52:25).
22-26. Nebuchadnezzar . . . made Gedaliah . . .
ruler--The people permitted to remain were, besides the king's
daughters, a few court attendants and others
(Jer 40:7)
too insignificant to be removed, only the peasantry who could till the
land and dress the vineyards. Gedaliah was Jeremiah's friend
(Jer 26:24),
and having, by the prophet's counsel, probably fled from the city as
abandoned of God, he surrendered himself to the conqueror
(Jer 38:2, 17),
and being promoted to the government of Judea, fixed his provincial
court at Mizpeh. He was well qualified to surmount the difficulties of
ruling at such a crisis. Many of the fugitive Jews, as well as the
soldiers of Zedekiah who had accompanied the king in his flight to the
plains of Jericho, left their retreats
(Jer 40:11, 12)
and flocked around the governor; who having counselled them to submit,
promised them on complying with this condition, security on oath that
they would retain their possessions and enjoy the produce of their land
(Jer 40:9).
25. Ishmael . . . of the seed royal, came, and ten men with him, and
smote Gedaliah--He had found refuge with Baalis, king of the Ammonites,
and he returned with a bad design, being either instigated by envy of a
governor not descended from the house of David, or bribed by Baalis to
murder Gedaliah. The generous governor, though apprised of his
intentions, refused to credit the report, much less to sanction the
proposal made by an attached friend to cut off Ishmael. The consequence
was, that he was murdered by this same Ishmael, when entertaining him
in his own house
(Jer 41:1).
26. and all the people . . . came to Egypt--In spite of Jeremiah's
dissuasions
(Jer 43:7, 8)
they settled in various cities of that country
(Jer 44:1).
27. seven and thirtieth year of the captivity of
Jehoiachin--corresponding with the year of Nebuchadnezzar's death,
and his son Evil-merodach's ascension to the throne.
Evil-merodach . . . did lift up the head of Jehoiachin . . . and spake
kindly--gave him liberty upon parole. This kindly feeling is said to
have originated in a familiar acquaintance formed in prison, in which
Evil-merodach had lain till his father's death, on account of some
malversation while acting as regent during Nebuchadnezzar's seven
years' illness
(Da 4:32, 33).
But doubtless the improvement in Zedekiah's condition is to be traced
to the overruling providence and grace of Him who still cherished
purposes of love to the house of David
(2Sa 7:14, 15).
29. Jehoiachin . . . did eat . . . continually
before him--According to an ancient usage in Eastern courts, had a
seat at the royal table on great days, and had a stated provision
granted him for the maintenance of his exiled court.
2 Kings 25 Bible Commentary
Jamieson, Faussett, and Brown
2Ki 25:1-3. JERUSALEM AGAIN BESIEGED.
1. Nebuchadnezzar . . . came . . . against Jerusalem--Incensed by the revolt of Zedekiah, the Assyrian despot determined to put an end to the perfidious and inconstant monarchy of Judea. This chapter narrates his third and last invasion, which he conducted in person at the head of an immense army, levied out of all the tributary nations under his sway. Having overrun the northern parts of the country and taken almost all the fenced cities (Jer 34:7), he marched direct to Jerusalem to invest it. The date of the beginning as well as the end of the siege is here carefully marked (compare Eze 24:1; Jer 39:1; 52:4-6); from which it appears, that, with a brief interruption caused by Nebuchadnezzar's marching to oppose the Egyptians who were coming to its relief but who retreated without fighting, the siege lasted a year and a half. So long a resistance was owing, not to the superior skill and valor of the Jewish soldiers, but to the strength of the city fortifications, on which the king too confidently relied (compare Jer 21:1-14; 37:1-38:28).
pitched against it, and . . . built forts--rather, perhaps, drew lines of circumvallation, with a ditch to prevent any going out of the city. On this rampart were erected his military engines for throwing missiles into the city.
3. on the ninth day of the fourth month the famine prevailed--In consequence of the close and protracted blockade, the inhabitants were reduced to dreadful extremities; and under the maddening influence of hunger, the most inhuman atrocities were perpetrated (La 2:20, 22; 4:9, 10; Eze 5:10). This was a fulfilment of the prophetic denunciations threatened on the apostasy of the chosen people (Le 26:29; De 28:53-57; Jer 15:2; 27:13; Eze 4:16).
2Ki 25:4-30. ZEDEKIAH TAKEN.
4. the city was broken up--that is, a breach was effected, as we are elsewhere informed, in a part of the wall belonging to the lower city (2Ch 32:5; 33:14).
the men of war fled by night by the way of the gate between two walls, which is by the king's garden--The king's garden was (Ne 3:15) at the pool of Siloam, that is, at the mouth of the Tyropæon. A trace of the outermost of these walls appears to be still extant in the rude pathway which crosses the mouth of the Tyropæon, on a mound hard by the old mulberry tree, which marks the traditional spot of Isaiah's martyrdom [ROBINSON]. It is probable that the besiegers had overlooked this pass.
the king went . . . toward the plain--that is, the Ghor, or valley of Jordan, estimated at five hours' distance from Jerusalem. The plain near Jericho is about eleven or twelve miles broad.
6, 7. they took the king, and brought him . . . to Riblah--Nebuchadnezzar, having gone from the siege to oppose the auxiliary forces of Pharaoh-hophra, left his generals to carry on the blockade, he himself not returning to the scene of action, but taking up his station at Riblah in the land of Hamath (2Ki 23:33).
they gave judgment upon him--They, that is, the council (Jer 39:3, 13; Da 6:7, 8, 12), regarding him as a seditious and rebellious vassal, condemned him for violating his oath and neglecting the announcement of the divine will as made known to him by Jeremiah (compare Jer 32:5; 34:2; 38:17). His sons and the nobles who had joined in his flight were slain before his eyes (Jer 39:6; 52:10). In conformity with Eastern ideas, which consider a blind man incapable of ruling, his eyes were put out, and being put in chains, he was carried to perpetual imprisonment in Babylon (Jer 52:11), which, though he came to it, as Ezekiel had foretold, he did not see (Jer 32:5; Eze 12:13; 17:16).
8-18. on the seventh day of the month . . . came Nebuzar-adan--(compare Jer 52:12). In attempting to reconcile these two passages, it must be supposed either that, though he had set out on the seventh, he did not arrive in Jerusalem till the tenth, or that he did not put his orders in execution till that day. His office as captain of the guard (Ge 37:36; 39:1) called him to execute the awards of justice on criminals; and hence, although not engaged in the siege of Jerusalem (Jer 39:13), Nebuzar-adan was despatched to rase the city, to plunder the temple, to lay both in ruins, demolish the fortifications, and transport the inhabitants to Babylon. The most eminent of these were taken to the king at Riblah (2Ki 25:27) and executed, as instigators and abettors of the rebellion, or otherwise obnoxious to the Assyrian government. In their number were Seraiah, the high priest, grandfather of Ezra (Ezr 7:1), his sagan or deputy, a priest of the second order (Jer 21:2; 29:25, 29; 37:3).
18. the three keepers of the door--not mere porters, but officers of high trust among the Levites (2Ki 22:4; 1Ch 9:26).
19. five men of them that were in the king's presence--that is, who belonged to the royal retinue. It is probable that there were five at first, and that other two were found afterwards (Jer 52:25).
22-26. Nebuchadnezzar . . . made Gedaliah . . . ruler--The people permitted to remain were, besides the king's daughters, a few court attendants and others (Jer 40:7) too insignificant to be removed, only the peasantry who could till the land and dress the vineyards. Gedaliah was Jeremiah's friend (Jer 26:24), and having, by the prophet's counsel, probably fled from the city as abandoned of God, he surrendered himself to the conqueror (Jer 38:2, 17), and being promoted to the government of Judea, fixed his provincial court at Mizpeh. He was well qualified to surmount the difficulties of ruling at such a crisis. Many of the fugitive Jews, as well as the soldiers of Zedekiah who had accompanied the king in his flight to the plains of Jericho, left their retreats (Jer 40:11, 12) and flocked around the governor; who having counselled them to submit, promised them on complying with this condition, security on oath that they would retain their possessions and enjoy the produce of their land (Jer 40:9).
25. Ishmael . . . of the seed royal, came, and ten men with him, and smote Gedaliah--He had found refuge with Baalis, king of the Ammonites, and he returned with a bad design, being either instigated by envy of a governor not descended from the house of David, or bribed by Baalis to murder Gedaliah. The generous governor, though apprised of his intentions, refused to credit the report, much less to sanction the proposal made by an attached friend to cut off Ishmael. The consequence was, that he was murdered by this same Ishmael, when entertaining him in his own house (Jer 41:1).
26. and all the people . . . came to Egypt--In spite of Jeremiah's dissuasions (Jer 43:7, 8) they settled in various cities of that country (Jer 44:1).
27. seven and thirtieth year of the captivity of Jehoiachin--corresponding with the year of Nebuchadnezzar's death, and his son Evil-merodach's ascension to the throne.
Evil-merodach . . . did lift up the head of Jehoiachin . . . and spake kindly--gave him liberty upon parole. This kindly feeling is said to have originated in a familiar acquaintance formed in prison, in which Evil-merodach had lain till his father's death, on account of some malversation while acting as regent during Nebuchadnezzar's seven years' illness (Da 4:32, 33). But doubtless the improvement in Zedekiah's condition is to be traced to the overruling providence and grace of Him who still cherished purposes of love to the house of David (2Sa 7:14, 15).
29. Jehoiachin . . . did eat . . . continually before him--According to an ancient usage in Eastern courts, had a seat at the royal table on great days, and had a stated provision granted him for the maintenance of his exiled court.