For many, the word “hedonism” may conjure ideas of loose living or earthly pleasures. However, some Christians believe that a different form of hedonism— “Christian hedonism”—is in fact worthwhile and ultimately glorifying to God. Let's dive into the origin of this and find a hedonism meaning and definition from the Bible.
Meaning and Origin of Hedonism
The term hedonism itself dates back to the ancient Greek word for pleasure. The philosophy of hedonism is believed to have first been taught by Aristippus of Cyrene, a student of Socrates. He taught that the meaning of life is pleasure, and thus pleasure should be the ultimate pursuit.
Though Aristippus may have been the first to teach hedonism, he wasn’t alone. Around roughly the same time, Chinese philosopher Yang Zhu taught that since there was no afterlife and no god, one might as well pursue as much pleasure as possible in the present.
Aristippus was succeeded by Epicurus, who also taught that there was no afterlife and the ultimate goal was pleasure, though he acknowledged that sometimes some pain or restraint could be good if they led to greater pleasure. The Epicurean school of thought flourished, especially in Rome, and was one of the forces that resisted early Christianity.
For a while, hedonism lay low, though it was occasionally addressed, for example by Aquinas. It reemerged prominently in the late 18th century under philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and began gaining traction once more. It developed into a more nuanced psychological and ethical theory, but the main idea of hedonism remains: a person ought to pursue the greatest pleasure.
What is Christian Hedonism - Hedonism Meaning in the Modern Context?
Though the idea has grown and is now taught and supported by a variety of church leaders, “Christian hedonism” was first coined by Reformed Baptist pastor John Piper in 1986 in his book Desiring God. Piper defines Christian hedonism in this way:
“Christian Hedonism is the conviction that God’s ultimate goal in the world (his glory) and our deepest desire (to be happy) are one and the same, because God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in him.”
Piper goes on to reference the Westminster Shorter Catechism’s famous statement, “Man’s chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him for ever.” Piper argues that instead this might better read as “man’s chief end is to glorify God by enjoying him forever.”
Piper states that the Christian should ultimately pursue joy by pursuing God. Piper argues that the pursuit of pleasure only leads to problems because, in the words of C. S. Lewis,
“It would seem that Our Lord finds our desires not too strong, but too weak. We are half-hearted creatures, fooling about with drink and sex and ambition when infinite joy is offered us, like an ignorant child who wants to go on making mud pies in a slum because he cannot imagine what is meant by the offer of a holiday at the sea. We are far too easily pleased.” – sermon “The Weight of Glory” June 8, 1942.
Thus, Piper believes that God ultimately wants the Christian to pursue Him as the highest pleasure and satisfaction.
According to Piper, one of the goals of Christian hedonism is to replace the Kantian morality that goodness only comes if one is doing something out of duty even though one has no desire to do so, with no interest in a reward (including pleasure) being gained.
Piper wishes to eradicate duty-focused Christianity and replace it with joy-filled Christianity in which the doer actively pursues doing good and finds pleasure in it.
Piper believes that pleasure is a gauge of what one values. He compares this to marriage, invoking the analogy of a husband giving flowers to his wife. If she asks why and the husband replies, “Because it is my duty,” it will not be a very satisfactory answer. However, she is shown value and honor when his reason is that he is doing it because she makes him happy. Likewise, Piper claims that God is glorified when the Christian finds pleasure in Him.
What is NOT Christian Hedonism?
Christian hedonism does not condone the pursuit of worldly pleasure. Rather, it encourages seeking God as the highest pleasure.
Unlike the hedonism of Yang Zhu and Epicurus, which claimed that pleasure should be the ultimate goal since there was no afterlife or god(s) anyway, Christian hedonism proposes pursuing pleasure because there is a God and an afterlife, and dwelling with said God is the greatest pleasure to be pursued.
Christian hedonism also does not support pursuing God as a means to obtain pleasure, but because He is the greatest pleasure.
Is Christian Hedonism Biblical?
“Christian hedonism” is not a term found in the Bible. Of course, neither is the word “trinity,” or the terms for several other Christian doctrines. Thus, support for and against Christian hedonism can only be inducted from various passages.
The idea of enjoying the Lord seems to be thoroughly biblical. For example, Psalm 37:4 instructs the believer to “delight yourself in the Lord,” and in Philippians 3:8, Paul calls all other things rubbish in comparison to the “surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus.”
Seeking the glory of God is also a biblical pursuit (see, for example, Matthew 5:14-16, John 15:8, 1 Corinthians 10:31).
Pleasure also does not seem to be condemned by the Bible, but rather is portrayed in a positive manner when that pleasure comes from God (e.g. Psalm 16:11). Many passages also speak positively of seeking a “reward” or “prize” (e.g. Matthew 6:6, Colossians 3:23-24, James 1:12, Philippians 3:14).
The question then seems to be whether or not God is glorified by His people finding pleasure in Him. Many passages seem to suggest that this does indeed glorify God, since the Bible frequently records shouting, dancing, or other joyful activities performed with the intent to glorify God. For example, Isaiah 24:14-15 reads,
“They raise their voices, they shout for joy; from the west they acclaim the Lord’s majesty. Therefore in the east give glory to the Lord; exalt the name of the Lord, the God of Israel, in the islands of the sea.” (emphasis mine)
Thus, there does not seem to be anything distinctly unbiblical about Christian hedonism as proposed by John Piper.
However, hedonism itself is thoroughly condemned in the Bible, as clearly stated in 1 John 2:15-17:
“Do not love the world or anything in the world. If anyone loves the world, love for the Father is not in them. For everything in the world—the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life—comes not from the Father but from the world. The world and its desires pass away, but whoever does the will of God lives forever.”
Bible Verses about Hedonism
Proverbs 21:17 ~ Whoever loves pleasure will be a poor man; he who loves wine and oil will not be rich.
Psalm 16:11 ~ You make known to me the path of life; in your presence there is fullness of joy; at your right hand are pleasures forevermore.
Galatians 5:19-21 ~ Now the works of the flesh are evident: sexual immorality, impurity, sensuality, idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, divisions, envy, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.
Luke 8:14 ~ And as for what fell among the thorns, they are those who hear, but as they go on their way they are choked by the cares and riches and pleasures of life, and their fruit does not mature.
2 Timothy 2:22 ~ So flee youthful passions and pursue righteousness, faith, love, and peace, along with those who call on the Lord from a pure heart.
1 Corinthians 10:13 ~ No temptation has overtaken you that is not common to man. God is faithful, and he will not let you be tempted beyond your ability, but with the temptation he will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it.
1 Corinthians 6:18-20 ~ Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the sexually immoral person sins against his own body. Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body.
Ecclesiastes 2:1-11 ~ Pleasures Are Meaningless
I said to myself, “Come now, I will test you with pleasure to find out what is good.” But that also proved to be meaningless. “Laughter,” I said, “is madness. And what does pleasure accomplish?” I tried cheering myself with wine, and embracing folly—my mind still guiding me with wisdom. I wanted to see what was good for people to do under the heavens during the few days of their lives. I undertook great projects: I built houses for myself and planted vineyards. I made gardens and parks and planted all kinds of fruit trees in them. I made reservoirs to water groves of flourishing trees. I bought male and female slaves and had other slaves who were born in my house. I also owned more herds and flocks than anyone in Jerusalem before me. I amassed silver and gold for myself, and the treasure of kings and provinces. I acquired male and female singers, and a harem as well—the delights of a man’s heart. I became greater by far than anyone in Jerusalem before me. In all this my wisdom stayed with me. I denied myself nothing my eyes desired; I refused my heart no pleasure. My heart took delight in all my labor, and this was the reward for all my toil. Yet when I surveyed all that my hands had done and what I had toiled to achieve, everything was meaningless, a chasing after the wind; nothing was gained under the sun.
A Cautionary Conclusion about Hedonism
Though there does not seem to be anything particularly unbiblical about Piper’s stance of Christian hedonism, it is worth noting that the glory of God does not depend on whether or not humans take pleasure in Him. God is fully glorified in and of Himself and His glory is not diminished because of the disobedience of mankind (Malachi 3:6, Revelation 1:8).
Furthermore, though the goal may be to take ultimate pleasure in God, as fallen humanity this will not always be the case (see Romans 7:15-20). However, God may still be glorified without ultimate pleasure being taken in Him; human pleasure is not portrayed in the Bible as the sole way He is glorified. Nature, events, and even humans can point to God’s glory whether or not they are part of some active pleasure (e.g. John 9:3).
In the end, Christian hedonism as an idea reminds us of the great pleasure there is in seeking and glorifying God.
For Further Reading:
John Piper, “What is Christian Hedonism?”
John Piper, “Christian Hedonism”
Sam Storms, “What is Christian Hedonism?”
Photo Credit: Pexels/NathanCowley
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