The book of the divine counsels being thus lodged in the hand of
Christ, he loses no time, but immediately enters upon the work of opening the
seals and publishing the contents; but this is done in such a manner as still
leaves the predictions very abstruse and difficult to be understood. Hitherto
the waters of the sanctuary have been as those in Ezekiel's vision, only to
the ankles, or to the knees, or to the loins at least; but here they begin to be
a river that cannot be passed over. The visions which John saw, the epistles to
the churches, the songs of praise, in the two foregoing chapters, had some
things dark and hard to be understood; and yet they were rather milk for babes
than meat for strong men; but now we are to launch into the deep, and our
business is not so much to fathom it as to let down our net to take a draught.
We shall only hint at what seems most obvious. The prophecies of this book are
divided into seven seals opened, seven trumpets sounding, and seven vials poured
out. It is supposed that the opening of the seven seals discloses those
providences that concerned the church in the first three centuries, from the
ascension of our Lord and Saviour to the reign of Constantine; this was
represented in a book rolled up, and sealed in several places, so that, when one
seal was opened, you might read so far of it, and so on, till the whole was
unfolded. Yet we are not here told what was written in the book, but what John
saw in figures enigmatical and hieroglyphic; and it is not for us to pretend to
know "the times and seasons which the Father has put in his own power."
Inf this chapter six of the seven seals are opened, and the visions attending
them are related; the first seal in v. 1, 2, the second seal in v. 3, 4, the
third seal in v. 5, 6, the fourth seal in v. 7, 8, the fifth seal in v. 9-11,
the sixth seal in v. 12, 13, etc.
Here, 1. Christ, the Lamb, opens the first seal; he now enters
upon the great work of opening and accomplishing the purposes of God towards the
church and the world. 2. One of the ministers of the church calls upon the
apostle, with a voice like thunder, to come near, and observe what then
appeared. 3. We have the vision itself, v. 2. (1.) The Lord Jesus appears riding
on a white horse. White horses are generally refused in war, because they
make the rider a mark for the enemy; but our Lord Redeemer was sure of the
victory and a glorious triumph, and he rides on the white horse of a pure but
despised gospel, with great swiftness through the world. (2.) He had a bow
in his hand. The convictions impressed by the word of God are sharp arrows, they
reach at a distance; and, though the ministers of the word draw the bow at a
venture, God can and will direct it to the joints of the harness. This bow, in
the hand of Christ, abides in strength, and, like that of Jonathan, never
returns empty. (3.) A crown was given him, importing that all who
receive the gospel must receive Christ as a king, and must be his loyal and
obedient subjects; he will be glorified in the success of the gospel. When
Christ was going to war, one would think a helmet had been more proper than a
crown; but a crown is given him as the earnest and emblem of victory. (4.) He
went forth conquering, and to conquer. As long as the church continues
militant Christ will be conquering; when he has conquered his enemies in one age
he meets with new ones in another age; men go on opposing, and Christ goes on
conquering, and his former victories are pledges of future victories. He
conquers his enemies in his people; their sins are their enemies and his
enemies; when Christ comes with power into their soul he begins to conquer these
enemies, and he goes on conquering, in the progressive work of sanctification,
till he has gained us a complete victory. And he conquers his enemies in the
world, wicked men, some by bringing them to his foot, others by making them his
footstool. Observe, From this seal opened, [1.] The successful progress of the
gospel of Christ in the world is a glorious sight, worth beholding, the most
pleasant and welcome sight that a good man can see in this world. [2.] Whatever
convulsions and revolutions happen in the states and kingdoms of the world, the
kingdom of Christ shall be established and enlarged in spite of all opposition.
[3.] A morning of opportunity usually goes before a night of calamity; the
gospel is preached before the plagues are poured forth. [4.] Christ's work is
not all done at once. We are ready to think, when the gospel goes forth, it
should carry all the world before it, but it often meets with opposition, and
moves slowly; however, Christ will do his own work effectually, in his own time
and way.
The next three seals give us a sad prospect of great and
desolating judgments with which God punishes those who either refuse or abuse
the everlasting gospel. Though some understand them of the persecutions that
befel the church of Christ, and others of the destruction of the Jews, they
rather seem more generally to represent God's terrible judgments, by which he
avenges the quarrel of his covenant upon those who make light of it.
I. Upon opening the second seal, to which John was called to
attend, another horse appears, of a different colour from the former, a
red horse, v. 4. This signifies the desolating judgment of war; he that sat
upon this red horse had power to take peace from the earth, and that the
inhabitants of the earth should kill one another. Who this was that sat
upon the red horse, whether Christ himself, as Lord of hosts, or the instruments
that he raised up to conduct the war, is not clear; but this is certain, 1. That
those who will not submit to the bow of the gospel must expect to be cut in
sunder by the sword of divine justice. 2. That Jesus Christ rules and commands,
not only in the kingdom of grace, but of providence. And, 3. That the sword of
war is a dreadful judgment; it takes away peace from the earth, one of the
greatest blessings, and it puts men upon killing one another. Men, who should
love one another and help one another, are, in a state of war, set upon killing
one another.
II. Upon opening the third seal, which John was directed to
observe, another horse appears, different from the former, a black horse,
signifying famine, that terrible judgment; and he that sat on the horse had a
pair of balances in his hand (v. 5), signifying that men must now eat their
bread by weight, as was threatened (Lev. 26:26), They shall deliver your
bread to you by weight. That which follows in v. 6, of the voice that cried,
A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny, and
see thou hurt not the oil and the wine, has made some expositors think this
was not a vision of famine, but of plenty; but if we consider the quantity of
their measure, and the value of their penny, at the time of this prophecy, the
objection will be removed; their measure was but a single quart, and their penny
was our sevenpence-halfpenny, and that is a large sum to give for a quart of
wheat. However, it seems this famine, as all others, fell most severely upon the
poor; whereas the oil and the wine, which were dainties of the rich, were not
hurt; but if bread, the staff of life, be broken, dainties will not supply the
place of it. Here observe, 1. When a people loathe their spiritual food, God may
justly deprive them of their daily bread. 2. One judgment seldom comes alone;
the judgment of war naturally draws after it that of famine; and those who will
not humble themselves under one judgment must expect another and yet greater,
for when God contends he will prevail. The famine of bread is a terrible
judgment; but the famine of the word is more so, though careless sinners are not
sensible of it.
III. Upon opening the fourth seal, which John is commanded to
observe, there appears another horse, of a pale colour. Here observe, 1. The
name of the rider—Death, the king of terrors; the pestilence, which is
death in its empire, death reigning over a place or nation, death on horseback,
marching about, and making fresh conquests every hour. 2. The attendants or
followers of this king of terrors—hell, a state of eternal misery to
all those who die in their sins; and, in times of such a general destruction,
multitudes go down unprepared into the valley of destruction. It is an awful
thought, and enough to make the whole world to tremble, that eternal damnation
immediately follows upon the death of an impenitent sinner. Observe, (1.) There
is a natural as well as judicial connection between one judgment and another:
war is a wasting calamity, and draws scarcity and famine after it; and famine,
not allowing men proper sustenance, and forcing them to take that which is
unwholesome, often draws the pestilence after it. (2.) God's quiver is full of
arrows; he is never at a loss for ways and means to punish a wicked people. (3.)
In the book of God's counsels he has prepared judgments for scorners as well
as mercy for returning sinners. (4.) In the book of the scriptures God has
published threatenings against the wicked as well as promises to the righteous;
and it is our duty to observe and believe the threatenings as well as the
promises.
IV. After the opening of these seals of approaching judgments,
and the distinct account of them, we have this general observation, that God gave
power to them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with the sword, and
with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth, v. 8. He gave
them power, that is, those instruments of his anger, or those judgments
themselves; he who holds the winds in his hand has all public calamities at his
command, and they can only go when he sends them and no further than he permits.
To the three great judgments of war, famine, and pestilence, is here added the
beasts of the earth, another of God's sore judgments, mentioned Eze.
14:21, and mentioned here the last, because, when a nation is depopulated by the
sword, famine, and pestilence, the small remnant that continue in a waste and
howling wilderness encourage the wild beasts to make head against them, and they
become easy prey. Others, by the beasts of the field, understand brutish,
cruel, savage men, who, having divested themselves of all humanity, delight to
be the instruments of the destruction of others.
In the remaining part of this chapter we have the opening of the
fifth and the sixth seals.
I. The fifth seal. Here is no mention made of any one who called
the apostle to make his observation, probably because the decorum of the vision
was to be observed, and each of the four living creatures had discharged its
duty of a monitor before, or because the events here opened lay out of the
sight, and beyond the time, of the present ministers of the church; or because
it does not contain a new prophecy of any future events, but rather opens a
spring of support and consolation to those who had been and still were under
great tribulation for the sake of Christ and the gospel. Here observe,
1. The sight this apostle saw at the opening of the fifth seal;
it was a very affecting sight (v. 9): I saw under the altar the souls of
those that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they
held. He saw the souls of the martyrs. Here observe, (1.) Where he saw them—under
the altar; at the foot of the altar of incense, in the most holy place; he
saw them in heaven, at the foot of Christ. Hence note, [1.] Persecutors can only
kill the body, and after that there is no more that they can do; their souls
live. [2.] God has provided a good place in the better world for those who are
faithful to death and are not allowed a place any longer on earth. [3.] Holy
martyrs are very near to Christ in heaven, they have the highest place there.
[4.] It is not their own death, but the sacrifice of Christ, that gives them a
reception into heaven and a reward there; they do not wash their robes in their
own blood, but in the blood of the Lamb. (2.) What was the cause in which they
suffered—the word of God and the testimony which they held, for
believing the word of God, and attesting or confessing the truth of it; this
profession of their faith they held fast without wavering, even though they died
for it. A noble cause, the best that any man can lay down his life for—faith
in God's word and a confession of that faith.
2. The cry he heard; it was a loud cry, and contained a humble
expostulation about the long delay of avenging justice against their enemies: How
long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on those
that dwell on the earth? v. 10. Observe, (1.) Even the spirits of just
men made perfect retain a proper resentment of the wrong they have sustained
by their cruel enemies; and though they die in charity, praying, as Christ did,
that God would forgive them, yet they are desirous that, for the honour of God,
and Christ, and the gospel, and for the terror and conviction of others, God
will take a just revenge upon the sin of persecution, even while he pardons and
saves the persecutors. (2.) They commit their cause to him to whom vengeance
belongeth, and leave it in his hand; they are not for avenging themselves, but
leave all to God. (3.) There will be joy in heaven at the destruction of the
implacable enemies of Christ and Christianity, as well as at the conversion of
other sinners. When Babylon falls, it will be said, Rejoice over her, O thou
heaven, and you holy apostles and prophets, for God hath avenged you on her,
ch. 18:20.
3. He observed the kind return that was made to this cry (v.
11), both what was given to them and what was said to them. (1.) What was given
to them—white robes, the robes of victory and of honour; their present
happiness was an abundant recompence of their past sufferings. (2.) What was
said to them—that they should be satisfied, and easy in themselves, for it
would not be long ere the number of their fellow-sufferers would be
fulfilled. This is a language rather suited to the imperfect state of the
saints in this world than to the perfection of their state in heaven; there
is no impatience, no uneasiness, no need of admonition; but in this world there
is great need of patience. Observe, [1.] There is a number of Christians, known
to God, who are appointed as sheep for the slaughter, set apart to be God's
witnesses. [2.] As the measure of the sin of persecutors is filling up, so is
the number of the persecuted martyred servants of Christ. [3.] When this number
is fulfilled, God will take a just and glorious revenge upon their cruel
persecutors; he will recompense tribulation to those who trouble them, and to
those that are troubled full and uninterrupted rest.
II. We have here the sixth seal opened, v. 12. Some refer this
to the great revolutions in the empire at Constantine's time, the downfall of
paganism; others, with great probability, to the destruction of Jerusalem, as an
emblem of the general judgment, and destruction of the wicked, at the end of the
world; and, indeed, the awful characters of this event are so much the same with
those signs mentioned by our Saviour as foreboding the destruction of Jerusalem,
as hardly to leave any room for doubting but that the same thing is meant in
both places, though some think that event was past already. See Mt. 24:29. 30.
Here observe,
1. The tremendous events that were hastening; and here are
several occurrences that contribute to make that day and dispensation very
dreadful:—(1.) There was a great earthquake. This may be taken in a
political sense; the very foundations of the Jewish church and state would be
terribly shaken, though they seemed to be as stable as the earth itself. (2.) The
sun became black as sackcloth of hair, either naturally, by a total eclipse,
or politically, by the fall of the chief rulers and governors of the land. (3.) The
moon should become as blood; the inferior officers, or their military
men, should be all wallowing in their own blood. (4.) The stars of heaven
shall fall to the earth (v. 13), and that as a fig-tree casteth her
untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. The stars may signify
all the men of note and influence among them, though in lower spheres of
activity; there should be a general desolation. (5.) The heaven should depart
as a scroll when it is rolled together. This may signify that their
ecclesiastical state should perish and be laid aside for ever. (6.) Every
mountain and island shall be moved out of its place. The destruction of the
Jewish nation should affect and affright all the nations round about, those who
were highest in honour and those who seemed to be best secured; it would be a
judgment that should astonish all the world. This leads to,
2. The dread and terror that would seize upon all sorts of men
in that great and awful day, v. 15. No authority, nor grandeur, nor riches, nor
valour, nor strength, would be able to support men at that time; yea, the very
poor slaves, who, one would think, had nothing to fear, because they had nothing
to lose, would be all in amazement at that day. Here observe, (1.) The degree of
their terror and astonishment: it should prevail so far as to make them, like
distracted desperate men, call to the mountains to fall upon them, and to the
hills to cover them; they would be glad to be no more seen; yea, to have no
longer any being. (2.) The cause of their terror, namely, the angry countenance of
him that sits on the throne, and the wrath of the Lamb. Observe, [1.] That
which is matter of displeasure to Christ is so to God; they are so entirely one
that what pleases or displeases the one pleases or displeases the other. [2.]
Though God be invisible, he can make the inhabitants of this world sensible of
his awful frowns. [3.] Though Christ be a lamb, yet he can be angry, even to
wrath, and the wrath of the Lamb is exceedingly dreadful; for if the
Redeemer, that appeases the wrath of God, himself be our wrathful enemy, where
shall we have a friend to plead for us? Those perish without remedy who perish
by the wrath of the Redeemer. [4.] As men have their day of opportunity, and
their seasons of grace, so God has his day of righteous wrath; and, when that
day shall come, the most stout-hearted sinners will not be able to stand before
him: all these terrors actually fell upon the sinners in Judea and Jerusalem in
the day of their destruction, and they will all, in the utmost degree, fall upon
impenitent sinners, at the general judgment of the last day.
Revelation 6 Bible Commentary
Matthew Henry Bible Commentary (complete)
The book of the divine counsels being thus lodged in the hand of Christ, he loses no time, but immediately enters upon the work of opening the seals and publishing the contents; but this is done in such a manner as still leaves the predictions very abstruse and difficult to be understood. Hitherto the waters of the sanctuary have been as those in Ezekiel's vision, only to the ankles, or to the knees, or to the loins at least; but here they begin to be a river that cannot be passed over. The visions which John saw, the epistles to the churches, the songs of praise, in the two foregoing chapters, had some things dark and hard to be understood; and yet they were rather milk for babes than meat for strong men; but now we are to launch into the deep, and our business is not so much to fathom it as to let down our net to take a draught. We shall only hint at what seems most obvious. The prophecies of this book are divided into seven seals opened, seven trumpets sounding, and seven vials poured out. It is supposed that the opening of the seven seals discloses those providences that concerned the church in the first three centuries, from the ascension of our Lord and Saviour to the reign of Constantine; this was represented in a book rolled up, and sealed in several places, so that, when one seal was opened, you might read so far of it, and so on, till the whole was unfolded. Yet we are not here told what was written in the book, but what John saw in figures enigmatical and hieroglyphic; and it is not for us to pretend to know "the times and seasons which the Father has put in his own power." Inf this chapter six of the seven seals are opened, and the visions attending them are related; the first seal in v. 1, 2, the second seal in v. 3, 4, the third seal in v. 5, 6, the fourth seal in v. 7, 8, the fifth seal in v. 9-11, the sixth seal in v. 12, 13, etc.
Verses 1-2
Here, 1. Christ, the Lamb, opens the first seal; he now enters upon the great work of opening and accomplishing the purposes of God towards the church and the world. 2. One of the ministers of the church calls upon the apostle, with a voice like thunder, to come near, and observe what then appeared. 3. We have the vision itself, v. 2. (1.) The Lord Jesus appears riding on a white horse. White horses are generally refused in war, because they make the rider a mark for the enemy; but our Lord Redeemer was sure of the victory and a glorious triumph, and he rides on the white horse of a pure but despised gospel, with great swiftness through the world. (2.) He had a bow in his hand. The convictions impressed by the word of God are sharp arrows, they reach at a distance; and, though the ministers of the word draw the bow at a venture, God can and will direct it to the joints of the harness. This bow, in the hand of Christ, abides in strength, and, like that of Jonathan, never returns empty. (3.) A crown was given him, importing that all who receive the gospel must receive Christ as a king, and must be his loyal and obedient subjects; he will be glorified in the success of the gospel. When Christ was going to war, one would think a helmet had been more proper than a crown; but a crown is given him as the earnest and emblem of victory. (4.) He went forth conquering, and to conquer. As long as the church continues militant Christ will be conquering; when he has conquered his enemies in one age he meets with new ones in another age; men go on opposing, and Christ goes on conquering, and his former victories are pledges of future victories. He conquers his enemies in his people; their sins are their enemies and his enemies; when Christ comes with power into their soul he begins to conquer these enemies, and he goes on conquering, in the progressive work of sanctification, till he has gained us a complete victory. And he conquers his enemies in the world, wicked men, some by bringing them to his foot, others by making them his footstool. Observe, From this seal opened, [1.] The successful progress of the gospel of Christ in the world is a glorious sight, worth beholding, the most pleasant and welcome sight that a good man can see in this world. [2.] Whatever convulsions and revolutions happen in the states and kingdoms of the world, the kingdom of Christ shall be established and enlarged in spite of all opposition. [3.] A morning of opportunity usually goes before a night of calamity; the gospel is preached before the plagues are poured forth. [4.] Christ's work is not all done at once. We are ready to think, when the gospel goes forth, it should carry all the world before it, but it often meets with opposition, and moves slowly; however, Christ will do his own work effectually, in his own time and way.
Verses 3-8
The next three seals give us a sad prospect of great and desolating judgments with which God punishes those who either refuse or abuse the everlasting gospel. Though some understand them of the persecutions that befel the church of Christ, and others of the destruction of the Jews, they rather seem more generally to represent God's terrible judgments, by which he avenges the quarrel of his covenant upon those who make light of it.
I. Upon opening the second seal, to which John was called to attend, another horse appears, of a different colour from the former, a red horse, v. 4. This signifies the desolating judgment of war; he that sat upon this red horse had power to take peace from the earth, and that the inhabitants of the earth should kill one another. Who this was that sat upon the red horse, whether Christ himself, as Lord of hosts, or the instruments that he raised up to conduct the war, is not clear; but this is certain, 1. That those who will not submit to the bow of the gospel must expect to be cut in sunder by the sword of divine justice. 2. That Jesus Christ rules and commands, not only in the kingdom of grace, but of providence. And, 3. That the sword of war is a dreadful judgment; it takes away peace from the earth, one of the greatest blessings, and it puts men upon killing one another. Men, who should love one another and help one another, are, in a state of war, set upon killing one another.
II. Upon opening the third seal, which John was directed to observe, another horse appears, different from the former, a black horse, signifying famine, that terrible judgment; and he that sat on the horse had a pair of balances in his hand (v. 5), signifying that men must now eat their bread by weight, as was threatened (Lev. 26:26), They shall deliver your bread to you by weight. That which follows in v. 6, of the voice that cried, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny, and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine, has made some expositors think this was not a vision of famine, but of plenty; but if we consider the quantity of their measure, and the value of their penny, at the time of this prophecy, the objection will be removed; their measure was but a single quart, and their penny was our sevenpence-halfpenny, and that is a large sum to give for a quart of wheat. However, it seems this famine, as all others, fell most severely upon the poor; whereas the oil and the wine, which were dainties of the rich, were not hurt; but if bread, the staff of life, be broken, dainties will not supply the place of it. Here observe, 1. When a people loathe their spiritual food, God may justly deprive them of their daily bread. 2. One judgment seldom comes alone; the judgment of war naturally draws after it that of famine; and those who will not humble themselves under one judgment must expect another and yet greater, for when God contends he will prevail. The famine of bread is a terrible judgment; but the famine of the word is more so, though careless sinners are not sensible of it.
III. Upon opening the fourth seal, which John is commanded to observe, there appears another horse, of a pale colour. Here observe, 1. The name of the rider—Death, the king of terrors; the pestilence, which is death in its empire, death reigning over a place or nation, death on horseback, marching about, and making fresh conquests every hour. 2. The attendants or followers of this king of terrors—hell, a state of eternal misery to all those who die in their sins; and, in times of such a general destruction, multitudes go down unprepared into the valley of destruction. It is an awful thought, and enough to make the whole world to tremble, that eternal damnation immediately follows upon the death of an impenitent sinner. Observe, (1.) There is a natural as well as judicial connection between one judgment and another: war is a wasting calamity, and draws scarcity and famine after it; and famine, not allowing men proper sustenance, and forcing them to take that which is unwholesome, often draws the pestilence after it. (2.) God's quiver is full of arrows; he is never at a loss for ways and means to punish a wicked people. (3.) In the book of God's counsels he has prepared judgments for scorners as well as mercy for returning sinners. (4.) In the book of the scriptures God has published threatenings against the wicked as well as promises to the righteous; and it is our duty to observe and believe the threatenings as well as the promises.
IV. After the opening of these seals of approaching judgments, and the distinct account of them, we have this general observation, that God gave power to them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with the sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth, v. 8. He gave them power, that is, those instruments of his anger, or those judgments themselves; he who holds the winds in his hand has all public calamities at his command, and they can only go when he sends them and no further than he permits. To the three great judgments of war, famine, and pestilence, is here added the beasts of the earth, another of God's sore judgments, mentioned Eze. 14:21, and mentioned here the last, because, when a nation is depopulated by the sword, famine, and pestilence, the small remnant that continue in a waste and howling wilderness encourage the wild beasts to make head against them, and they become easy prey. Others, by the beasts of the field, understand brutish, cruel, savage men, who, having divested themselves of all humanity, delight to be the instruments of the destruction of others.
Verses 9-17
In the remaining part of this chapter we have the opening of the fifth and the sixth seals.
I. The fifth seal. Here is no mention made of any one who called the apostle to make his observation, probably because the decorum of the vision was to be observed, and each of the four living creatures had discharged its duty of a monitor before, or because the events here opened lay out of the sight, and beyond the time, of the present ministers of the church; or because it does not contain a new prophecy of any future events, but rather opens a spring of support and consolation to those who had been and still were under great tribulation for the sake of Christ and the gospel. Here observe,
1. The sight this apostle saw at the opening of the fifth seal; it was a very affecting sight (v. 9): I saw under the altar the souls of those that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held. He saw the souls of the martyrs. Here observe, (1.) Where he saw them—under the altar; at the foot of the altar of incense, in the most holy place; he saw them in heaven, at the foot of Christ. Hence note, [1.] Persecutors can only kill the body, and after that there is no more that they can do; their souls live. [2.] God has provided a good place in the better world for those who are faithful to death and are not allowed a place any longer on earth. [3.] Holy martyrs are very near to Christ in heaven, they have the highest place there. [4.] It is not their own death, but the sacrifice of Christ, that gives them a reception into heaven and a reward there; they do not wash their robes in their own blood, but in the blood of the Lamb. (2.) What was the cause in which they suffered—the word of God and the testimony which they held, for believing the word of God, and attesting or confessing the truth of it; this profession of their faith they held fast without wavering, even though they died for it. A noble cause, the best that any man can lay down his life for—faith in God's word and a confession of that faith.
2. The cry he heard; it was a loud cry, and contained a humble expostulation about the long delay of avenging justice against their enemies: How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on those that dwell on the earth? v. 10. Observe, (1.) Even the spirits of just men made perfect retain a proper resentment of the wrong they have sustained by their cruel enemies; and though they die in charity, praying, as Christ did, that God would forgive them, yet they are desirous that, for the honour of God, and Christ, and the gospel, and for the terror and conviction of others, God will take a just revenge upon the sin of persecution, even while he pardons and saves the persecutors. (2.) They commit their cause to him to whom vengeance belongeth, and leave it in his hand; they are not for avenging themselves, but leave all to God. (3.) There will be joy in heaven at the destruction of the implacable enemies of Christ and Christianity, as well as at the conversion of other sinners. When Babylon falls, it will be said, Rejoice over her, O thou heaven, and you holy apostles and prophets, for God hath avenged you on her, ch. 18:20.
3. He observed the kind return that was made to this cry (v. 11), both what was given to them and what was said to them. (1.) What was given to them—white robes, the robes of victory and of honour; their present happiness was an abundant recompence of their past sufferings. (2.) What was said to them—that they should be satisfied, and easy in themselves, for it would not be long ere the number of their fellow-sufferers would be fulfilled. This is a language rather suited to the imperfect state of the saints in this world than to the perfection of their state in heaven; there is no impatience, no uneasiness, no need of admonition; but in this world there is great need of patience. Observe, [1.] There is a number of Christians, known to God, who are appointed as sheep for the slaughter, set apart to be God's witnesses. [2.] As the measure of the sin of persecutors is filling up, so is the number of the persecuted martyred servants of Christ. [3.] When this number is fulfilled, God will take a just and glorious revenge upon their cruel persecutors; he will recompense tribulation to those who trouble them, and to those that are troubled full and uninterrupted rest.
II. We have here the sixth seal opened, v. 12. Some refer this to the great revolutions in the empire at Constantine's time, the downfall of paganism; others, with great probability, to the destruction of Jerusalem, as an emblem of the general judgment, and destruction of the wicked, at the end of the world; and, indeed, the awful characters of this event are so much the same with those signs mentioned by our Saviour as foreboding the destruction of Jerusalem, as hardly to leave any room for doubting but that the same thing is meant in both places, though some think that event was past already. See Mt. 24:29. 30. Here observe,
1. The tremendous events that were hastening; and here are several occurrences that contribute to make that day and dispensation very dreadful:—(1.) There was a great earthquake. This may be taken in a political sense; the very foundations of the Jewish church and state would be terribly shaken, though they seemed to be as stable as the earth itself. (2.) The sun became black as sackcloth of hair, either naturally, by a total eclipse, or politically, by the fall of the chief rulers and governors of the land. (3.) The moon should become as blood; the inferior officers, or their military men, should be all wallowing in their own blood. (4.) The stars of heaven shall fall to the earth (v. 13), and that as a fig-tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. The stars may signify all the men of note and influence among them, though in lower spheres of activity; there should be a general desolation. (5.) The heaven should depart as a scroll when it is rolled together. This may signify that their ecclesiastical state should perish and be laid aside for ever. (6.) Every mountain and island shall be moved out of its place. The destruction of the Jewish nation should affect and affright all the nations round about, those who were highest in honour and those who seemed to be best secured; it would be a judgment that should astonish all the world. This leads to,
2. The dread and terror that would seize upon all sorts of men in that great and awful day, v. 15. No authority, nor grandeur, nor riches, nor valour, nor strength, would be able to support men at that time; yea, the very poor slaves, who, one would think, had nothing to fear, because they had nothing to lose, would be all in amazement at that day. Here observe, (1.) The degree of their terror and astonishment: it should prevail so far as to make them, like distracted desperate men, call to the mountains to fall upon them, and to the hills to cover them; they would be glad to be no more seen; yea, to have no longer any being. (2.) The cause of their terror, namely, the angry countenance of him that sits on the throne, and the wrath of the Lamb. Observe, [1.] That which is matter of displeasure to Christ is so to God; they are so entirely one that what pleases or displeases the one pleases or displeases the other. [2.] Though God be invisible, he can make the inhabitants of this world sensible of his awful frowns. [3.] Though Christ be a lamb, yet he can be angry, even to wrath, and the wrath of the Lamb is exceedingly dreadful; for if the Redeemer, that appeases the wrath of God, himself be our wrathful enemy, where shall we have a friend to plead for us? Those perish without remedy who perish by the wrath of the Redeemer. [4.] As men have their day of opportunity, and their seasons of grace, so God has his day of righteous wrath; and, when that day shall come, the most stout-hearted sinners will not be able to stand before him: all these terrors actually fell upon the sinners in Judea and Jerusalem in the day of their destruction, and they will all, in the utmost degree, fall upon impenitent sinners, at the general judgment of the last day.