1. Observe the month of Abib--or first-fruits. It comprehended the
latter part of our March and the beginning of April. Green ears of the
barley, which were then full, were offered as first-fruits, on the
second day of the passover.
for in the month of Abib the Lord thy God brought thee out of Egypt by
night--This statement is apparently at variance with the prohibition
(Ex 12:22)
as well as with the recorded fact that their departure took place in
the morning
(Ex 13:3;
Nu 33:3).
But it is susceptible of easy reconciliation. Pharaoh's permission, the
first step of emancipation, was extorted during the night, the
preparations for departure commenced, the rendezvous at Rameses made,
and the march entered on in the morning.
2. Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover--not the paschal
lamb, which was strictly and properly the passover. The whole solemnity
is here meant, as is evident from the mention of the additional victims
that required to be offered on the subsequent days of the feast
(Nu 28:18, 19;
2Ch 35:8, 9),
and from the allusion to the continued use of unleavened bread for
seven days, whereas the passover itself was to be eaten at once. The
words before us are equivalent to "thou shalt observe the feast of the
passover."
3. seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread--a sour, unpleasant,
unwholesome kind of bread, designed to be a memorial of their Egyptian
misery and of the haste with which they departed, not allowing time for
their morning dough to ferment.
5, 6. Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy
gates--The passover was to be observed nowhere but in the court of
the tabernacle or temple, as it was not a religious feast or
sacramental occasion merely, but an actual sacrifice
(Ex 12:27; 23:18; 34:25).
The blood had to be sprinkled on the altar and in the place where the
true Passover was afterwards to be sacrificed for us "at even, at the
going down of the sun"--literally, "between the evenings."
6. at the season--that is, the month and day, though not perhaps
the precise hour. The immense number of victims that had to be
immolated on the eve of the passover--that is, within a space of four
hours--has appeared to some writers a great difficulty. But the large
number of officiating priests, their dexterity and skill in the
preparation of the sacrifices, the wide range of the court, the
extraordinary dimensions of the altar of burnt offering and orderly
method of conducting the solemn ceremonial, rendered it easy to do that
in a few hours, which would otherwise have required as many days.
7. thou shalt roast and eat
it--(See on
Ex 12:8;
compare
2Ch 35:13).
thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents--The sense
of this passage, on the first glance of the words, seems to point to
the morning after the first day--the passover eve. Perhaps, however,
the divinely appointed duration of this feast, the solemn character and
important object, the journey of the people from the distant parts of
the land to be present, and the recorded examples of their continuing
all the time
(2Ch 30:21 35:17),
(though these may be considered extraordinary, and therefore
exceptional occasions), may warrant the conclusion that the leave given
to the people to return home was to be on the morning after the
completion of the seven days.
9-12. Seven weeks shalt thou number--The feast of weeks, or a
WEEK OF WEEKS: the feast of pentecost (see on
Le 23:10;
also see
Ex 34:22;
Ac 2:1).
As on the second day of the passover a sheaf of new barley, reaped on
purpose, was offered, so on the second day of pentecost a sheaf of new
wheat was presented as first-fruits
(Ex 23:16;
Nu 28:26),
a freewill, spontaneous tribute of gratitude to God for His temporal
bounties. This feast was instituted in memory of the giving of the law,
that spiritual food by which man's soul is nourished
(De 8:3).
13-17. Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven
days--(See on
Ex 23:14;
Le 23:34;
Nu 29:12).
Various conjectures have been formed to account for the appointment of
this feast at the conclusion of the whole harvest. Some imagine that it
was designed to remind the Israelites of the time when they had no
cornfields to reap but were daily supplied with manna; others think
that it suited the convenience of the people better than any other
period of the year for dwelling in booths; others that it was the time
of Moses' second descent from the mount; while a fourth class are of
opinion that this feast was fixed to the time of the year when the Word
was made flesh and dwelt--literally, "tabernacled"--among us
(Joh 1:14),
Christ being actually born at that season.
15. in all the works of thine hands . . . rejoice--that is, praising
God with a warm and elevated heart. According to Jewish tradition, no
marriages were allowed to be celebrated during these great festivals,
that no personal or private rejoicings might be mingled with the
demonstrations of public and national gladness.
16. Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the Lord
thy God--No command was laid on women to undertake the
journeys, partly from regard to the natural weakness of their sex, and
partly to their domestic cares.
18-20. Judges and officers shalt thou make--These last meant
heralds or bailiffs, employed in executing the sentence of their
superiors.
in all thy gates--The gate was the place of public resort among the
Israelites and other Eastern people, where business was transacted and
causes decided. The Ottoman Porte derived its name from the
administration of justice at its gates.
21. Thou shalt not plant thee a grove--A grove has in Scripture a
variety of significations--a group of overshadowing trees, or a grove
adorned with altars dedicated to a particular deity, or a wooden image
in a grove
(Jud 6:25;
2Ki 23:4-6).
They might be placed near the earthen and temporary altars erected in
the wilderness, but they could not exist either at the tabernacle or
temples. They were places, which, with their usual accompaniments,
presented strong allurements to idolatry; and therefore the Israelites
were prohibited from planting them.
22. Neither shalt thou set thee up any image--erroneously rendered
so for "pillar"; pillars of various kinds, and materials of wood or
stone were erected in the neighborhood of altars. Sometimes they were
conical or oblong, at other times they served as pedestals for the
statues of idols. A superstitious reverence was attached to them, and
hence they were forbidden.
Deuteronomy 16 Bible Commentary
Jamieson, Faussett, and Brown
De 16:1-22. THE FEAST OF THE PASSOVER.
1. Observe the month of Abib--or first-fruits. It comprehended the latter part of our March and the beginning of April. Green ears of the barley, which were then full, were offered as first-fruits, on the second day of the passover.
for in the month of Abib the Lord thy God brought thee out of Egypt by night--This statement is apparently at variance with the prohibition (Ex 12:22) as well as with the recorded fact that their departure took place in the morning (Ex 13:3; Nu 33:3). But it is susceptible of easy reconciliation. Pharaoh's permission, the first step of emancipation, was extorted during the night, the preparations for departure commenced, the rendezvous at Rameses made, and the march entered on in the morning.
2. Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover--not the paschal lamb, which was strictly and properly the passover. The whole solemnity is here meant, as is evident from the mention of the additional victims that required to be offered on the subsequent days of the feast (Nu 28:18, 19; 2Ch 35:8, 9), and from the allusion to the continued use of unleavened bread for seven days, whereas the passover itself was to be eaten at once. The words before us are equivalent to "thou shalt observe the feast of the passover."
3. seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread--a sour, unpleasant, unwholesome kind of bread, designed to be a memorial of their Egyptian misery and of the haste with which they departed, not allowing time for their morning dough to ferment.
5, 6. Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates--The passover was to be observed nowhere but in the court of the tabernacle or temple, as it was not a religious feast or sacramental occasion merely, but an actual sacrifice (Ex 12:27; 23:18; 34:25). The blood had to be sprinkled on the altar and in the place where the true Passover was afterwards to be sacrificed for us "at even, at the going down of the sun"--literally, "between the evenings."
6. at the season--that is, the month and day, though not perhaps the precise hour. The immense number of victims that had to be immolated on the eve of the passover--that is, within a space of four hours--has appeared to some writers a great difficulty. But the large number of officiating priests, their dexterity and skill in the preparation of the sacrifices, the wide range of the court, the extraordinary dimensions of the altar of burnt offering and orderly method of conducting the solemn ceremonial, rendered it easy to do that in a few hours, which would otherwise have required as many days.
7. thou shalt roast and eat it--(See on Ex 12:8; compare 2Ch 35:13).
thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents--The sense of this passage, on the first glance of the words, seems to point to the morning after the first day--the passover eve. Perhaps, however, the divinely appointed duration of this feast, the solemn character and important object, the journey of the people from the distant parts of the land to be present, and the recorded examples of their continuing all the time (2Ch 30:21 35:17), (though these may be considered extraordinary, and therefore exceptional occasions), may warrant the conclusion that the leave given to the people to return home was to be on the morning after the completion of the seven days.
9-12. Seven weeks shalt thou number--The feast of weeks, or a WEEK OF WEEKS: the feast of pentecost (see on Le 23:10; also see Ex 34:22; Ac 2:1). As on the second day of the passover a sheaf of new barley, reaped on purpose, was offered, so on the second day of pentecost a sheaf of new wheat was presented as first-fruits (Ex 23:16; Nu 28:26), a freewill, spontaneous tribute of gratitude to God for His temporal bounties. This feast was instituted in memory of the giving of the law, that spiritual food by which man's soul is nourished (De 8:3).
13-17. Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days--(See on Ex 23:14; Le 23:34; Nu 29:12). Various conjectures have been formed to account for the appointment of this feast at the conclusion of the whole harvest. Some imagine that it was designed to remind the Israelites of the time when they had no cornfields to reap but were daily supplied with manna; others think that it suited the convenience of the people better than any other period of the year for dwelling in booths; others that it was the time of Moses' second descent from the mount; while a fourth class are of opinion that this feast was fixed to the time of the year when the Word was made flesh and dwelt--literally, "tabernacled"--among us (Joh 1:14), Christ being actually born at that season.
15. in all the works of thine hands . . . rejoice--that is, praising God with a warm and elevated heart. According to Jewish tradition, no marriages were allowed to be celebrated during these great festivals, that no personal or private rejoicings might be mingled with the demonstrations of public and national gladness.
16. Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the Lord thy God--No command was laid on women to undertake the journeys, partly from regard to the natural weakness of their sex, and partly to their domestic cares.
18-20. Judges and officers shalt thou make--These last meant heralds or bailiffs, employed in executing the sentence of their superiors.
in all thy gates--The gate was the place of public resort among the Israelites and other Eastern people, where business was transacted and causes decided. The Ottoman Porte derived its name from the administration of justice at its gates.
21. Thou shalt not plant thee a grove--A grove has in Scripture a variety of significations--a group of overshadowing trees, or a grove adorned with altars dedicated to a particular deity, or a wooden image in a grove (Jud 6:25; 2Ki 23:4-6). They might be placed near the earthen and temporary altars erected in the wilderness, but they could not exist either at the tabernacle or temples. They were places, which, with their usual accompaniments, presented strong allurements to idolatry; and therefore the Israelites were prohibited from planting them.
22. Neither shalt thou set thee up any image--erroneously rendered so for "pillar"; pillars of various kinds, and materials of wood or stone were erected in the neighborhood of altars. Sometimes they were conical or oblong, at other times they served as pedestals for the statues of idols. A superstitious reverence was attached to them, and hence they were forbidden.